The Cosmic Race By Jose Vasconcelos - 2277 Words

As we begin to go on an excursion through literature, it is important to understand the concept of what an ethnography is. Ethnography is known to be a descriptive type of work that analyzes culture and customs of individual people. James Clifford has implemented this work into his studies and has influenced many others to do the same. I saw through the books I have read, ethnography makes these books become vivacious for a reader. In â€Å"The Cosmic Race†, by Jose Vasconcelos, he discusses throughout the book about numerous races and emphasizes that the fifth race known to be â€Å"mestizo† would overpower any race, and dominate the future. Although, throughout the book he argues reasons why one race would be on top of the pyramid, he contradicts himself numerous times in his arguments that leaves readers questioning, and a little confused. His writing style is somewhat jumbled that it takes time to grasp what he is trying to convey. Overall, it was a bizarre reading that it was hard to grasp his ideas, and had my mind in a labyrinth. First, Vasconcelos mentions these four main races; Mongols, blacks, whites, and Native Americans. Also, he states that Latin Americans have begun interracial relationships that have created the â€Å"mestizo† or a mixed race. In the reading, he mentions that mestizo races will slowly evanescent white people from the top of the hierarchy or pyramid as the prominent race. He quotes, â€Å"Whites will try to take advantage of their inventions forShow MoreRelatedThe s Concept Of Cuban Nationalism Essay2021 Words   |  9 Pagesnational Latin American identity while still tying in cultural aspects of Spain and North America that he had picked up during his time spent in exile. Josà © Martà ­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s vision for an independent Cuba united Latin Americans all over the world and incited a revolution that would define a new future Cuban National Identity for better or for worse. Josà © Martà ­ spent the majority of his life in exile, so much so that he no longer considered himself a son of Cuba, but rather of America a country he had grownRead MoreMexico : A Unified Spanish Language As A Universal Form Of Communication1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world. In fact, Mexican peoples are a composition of various races. The Mestizos in one hand are Indigenous-Spanish, Mulatto’s, on the other hand, are Indigenous-African descends. Therefore, the typical Mexican of the 21st century is the person who combines historic roots with today’s globalized norms. In this paper, I will summarize certain events of what I learned about the de-Indianization attempts, the idea of the Cosmic race and the urbanization tragedies that unifies Mexican in the 21stRead MoreLa Raza Cosmica By Jose Vasconcelos980 Words   |  4 PagesJose Vasconcelos, Mexican philosopher called it a cosmic race, la raza cosmica, a fifth race embracing the four major races of the world. T his mixture of races provides hyprid progency, a mutable, more malleable species with a rich gene pool. An â€Å"allien† consciousness is forming. A Struggle of Border In a constant state of mental nepantilism, la mestiza is a product of the transfer of the cultural and spiritual values of one group to another. Cradled in one culture, sandwiched between two culturesRead MoreCivil Aspects Of The Indigenous Communities1416 Words   |  6 Pagesnationalism. This reconstruction is composed of â€Å"self-determination, autonomy, and a reconstruction of a Mixtec nation.† There have been signs of indigenismo in other places as well. In 1925 Jose Vasconcelos, from Mexico, wrote The Cosmic Race, where he glorifies the Mestizo, as a combination of the good elements of both races. A line in the book reads, â€Å"... the leaders of Latin American independence ... strove to free the slaves, declared the equality of all men by natural law; the social and civic equalityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Global Village Finally Arrives Essay2249 Words   |  9 Pagesmentions how cultures are mixing together. He argues that values travel at a very high speed. He stated â€Å"a diversity of one culture quickly becomes a diversity of many†. Iyer mentions other famous writers such as Jose Vasconcelos, who predicted that the world is approaching the cosmic race and Richard Rodriguez, who wrote about how individuals are revolving to other nationalities, due to the environments around them. Iyer argues that although the world may never become America as a whole, but symbolicallyRead MoreMexicos Oil Nationalization of 19384277 Words   |  18 Pagesmovement against what a segment of the Mexican population saw as U.S. imperialism, even if not articulated in strictily ideological terms. To guard against these threats, philosopher and revolutionary of the time Jose Vasconcelos came up with the idea of the Cosmic Race, the convergence of all races into a mestizo nation of Mexicans who shared the same culture and celebrated the precolombian past. He thought of aesthetics and imagination as the foundations of culture, and was c ertain that this realizationRead MoreRace and Richard Rodriguez3792 Words   |  16 Pageshe fulfills the meaning of America. In 1997, Gallup conducted a survey on race relations in America, but the poll was concerned only with white and black Americans. No question was put to the aforementioned Vietnamese man. There was certainly no question for the Chinese grocer, none for the Guatemalan barber, none for the tribe of Mexican Indians who reroofed your neighbor’s house. The American conversation about race has always been a black-andwhite conversation, but the conversation has becomeRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 Pagesand natural rather than the result of an unjust structuring of society. Throughout history, people have used a variety of biological, religious, and cultural arguments to justify racism, and to call other groups backward and incapacitated by their race. For example, in Nicaraguan legislation just a century ago, the inhabitants of the Autonomous Regions were defined as savages, and â€Å"hispanization† was promoted to â€Å"civilize† them. Racism is a phenomenon that throughout the processes of colonization

Abortions Free Essays

Abortion means the loss of a fetus before it is able to live outside the womb of a mother. It is a relatively simple and safe procedure when done by trained medical workers during the first three months of pregnancy. It is less safe when performed after the 13th week of pregnancy. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Abortion as a way to end unplanned pregnancy especially those unwed mothers, victims of rape and to younger woman who are not ready to be a mother When abortion occurs spontaneously, it is often called a miscarriage. It can be intentionally caused, or induced. Abortion can caused deaths of many women from infection and bleeding. It also can cause sterility, or the permanent inability to have a child. .Former abortionist, McArthur Hill, M.D., says, â€Å"I am a murderer. I have taken the lives of innocent babies and I have ripped them from their mother’s wombs with a powerful vacuum machine.† â€Å"My heart got callous against the fact that I was a murderer, but that baby lying in a cold bowl educated me to what abortion really was,† ( former abortionist, David Brewer, M.D) Body of the Paper Abortion is rampant nowadays, news from radios and televisions forecasting the recovery of fetus thrown anywhere. Mostly young unwed women get involved in premarital sex then when get pregnant will go on the process of abortion. There are types of Abortion namely; Non-surgical Abortion Non-surgical abortion is commonly called or known as â€Å"abortion by pill.† It is also referred to as medical abortion. It is a non-invasive procedure for terminating a pregnancy. The name of the abortion pill is Mifeprex, and it has also formerly been called mifepristone and RU-486. Surgical Abortion A first trimester surgical abortion, which is measured approximately up to 14 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period, is completed by a procedure known as dilatation and evacuation. The procedure alone will take approximately 5 minutes, although the visit to the healthcare facility clinic may take several hours. Emergency Contraception Emergency contraception, more commonly known as the â€Å"morning after pill,† is a contraceptive or birth control method that can prevent pregnancy immediately after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure, but before pregnancy begins. Before in the United States, the supreme court in their 1973 ruling   give rights of every woman to obtain abortion and through that law many abortions were performed legally in unskilled ways, that caused deaths of woman’s through bleeding and infections. The Supreme Court has been responsible for most of the nation’s laws dealing with abortion. Their interpretation of the U.S. Constitution is considered the supreme law of the land.   laws dealing with abortion. The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution grants citizens the right to privacy. This right incorporates the right of a woman to kill her baby through an abortion. The Fourteenth Amendment was in no way ratified in order to grant women the right to an abortion. The amendment was ratified in 1868 as part of the Reconstruction legislation following the Civil War ruling. â€Å"The Court simply fashions and announces a new constitutional right for pregnant mothers and, with scarcely any reason or authority for its action, invents that right with sufficient substance to override most existing state abortion statutes.† In other words, seven federal justices simply decided that they wanted to make abortion legal and then did it. That law was opposed by many people especially the Roman Catholic Church because they believed that taking of a human life is a grave sin and it is against one of God’s commandments (Thou Shall Not Kill).It resulted to many debates and rallies. Those who are in favor to the legal availability of abortion cite the right of a woman to control their reproduction and they also give judgment that it is also the right of a physicians to perform abortions without fears of criminal charges. Other arguments in favor of abortion  Include population control, the social problems caused by the unwanted children, and the dangers of illegal abortion. There have been many attempts since 1973 to reduce free access to abortions. Laws have been passed by some states and at the federal level to: Require counseling and/or a cooling-off period before an abortion is perform Require an underage woman to notify, or obtain permission, from a parent, guardian or court.ed Ban abortions after viability of the fetus unless required to preserve the woman’s life or health. Require an underage woman to notify, or obtain permission, from a parent, guardian or court. Ban abortions after viability of the fetus unless required to preserve the woman’s life or health. Ban all abortions. Ban a DX abortion procedure, except when performed on a dead fetus or to save the life of the woman. In 1989 to 1992, the United States Supreme Court in 5-4 rulings upheld the provisions of a Missouri Law and a Pennsylvania law restricting abortion. This provisions helps minimize the attempt of abortion nationwide. Conclusion: Therefore I conclude that abortion is killing the life of an innocent fetus inside the womb of a mother. Abortion is done intentionally and unintentionally especially that woman who is not ready to become a mother. Several women now engaged in doing the abortion process especially those who are unwed mothers, students who engaged in drugs, rape victims, and those mothers who have more kids in the family and cant afford to sustain the needs of their children they are not conscious of the consequences in doing that act. Some will put to danger that lead to infections and caused death of many of them. Churches protest the rampant killings of fetus Because they believed that children’s are special gift from God and they have all the rights to live and enjoy the beauty of the earth created by our creator. Abortion is an illegal act and it should be punishable by law. References: Fettner Ann G. Abortions Retrieved November 14, 2006 from Compton’s Encyclopedia, Volume 1 p.11-12 What is Abortion? Retrieved November 14, 2006 from, http://mypeoplepc.com/members/bvpare/alternativestoabortion/id2.html Major laws concerning abortion: U.S. and Canada Retrieved from http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_supr.htm How to cite Abortions, Essay examples

Prescription Drugs Essays - Pharmaceuticals Policy, Pharmacy

Prescription Drugs In a recent article, an MNBC correspondent brought up the issue of high prices on prescription drugs. Many of these drugs are special vitamins, as well as supplements that certain peoples bodies lack and need and are forced to buy. This poses a financial problem. If this were to happen in both Canada and the United States, many families in both countries would suffer severely for this medical reason, a reason they shouldn't have to pay for. In some aspects, this is selfish of the government. By leaving these drugs to be overpriced, the government is basically turning a blind eye towards the fact that many of these people are having to spend an extra thousand dollars, maybe an extra thousand dollars they don't have. The prices on these drugs could easily be regulated, but, as stated in the article, the money that these companies receive goes towards research and cures for the treatments these people are receiving. So it comes down to health care. Should the health care system pay for these? While it would solve problems, it would also produce them. People with privatize health care are settled, they put in a certain amount of money each month, and they get these medications along with the system. If a common health care system would pay for these drugs, two things would occur. First, the health cares budget would go down. Not just a little, but it would plummet. Health care coming out of taxes would not be enough, and as a result, taxes would be raised. This is probably the last thing people want. Secondly, many, many people would go away from the deal much richer. Basically, it's like asking for everyone else to pay for their problems. So who's to blame? Nobody, really. You can't say it's a persons fault for being sick and requiring medical help. Also, you can't expect everyone else to pay for them to get better, a lot of people can't afford higher taxes, and it's punishing them. So it is a problem with difficult solutions, but the best solution would be for the government to limit the high prices of these drugs, but at the same time, put more and more money into research for finding a cure for these illnesses. This would solve both problems, and with the budget in both Canada and the United States, this wouldn't pose too many financial problems. Bibliography http://www.msnbc.com/news/245699.asp

20 Literature Essay Topics How to Discuss Poems by Emily Dickinson

20 Literature Essay Topics How to Discuss Poems by Emily Dickinson Our previous guide had stated a lot of interesting facts about the life of Emily Dickinson, one of America’s most renowned poet and writer, and what factors affected her work. By now we believe that you’ll have enough information to dig into books and look for great topics. For your convenience and know-how, here are 20 topics on poems by Emily Dickinson for a college essay: Gifts of Benjamin Franklin Newton to Emily Dickinson Role of Susan Gilbert in Emily Dickinson Poetry Emily Dickinsons Contribution to the Category of Gospel Poems How Did Emily Dickinson Teenage Life Affect Her Earlier Work? The Mystery of The Master Letters by Emily Dickinson Was Emily Dickinson Religious and Did This Play a Role in Her Work? The Symbolic Importance of Flowers and Gardens in Emily Dickinsons Work Did the Romantic Master Poems Refer to Actual Persons? Emily Dickinsons Contribution to Feminism The Relationship Between Emilys Mothers Illness and Her Dedication to Writing Poetry Why Did Emily Dickinson Make Her Sister Promise to Burn Her Papers? The Interaction Between Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinsons Fascination with Death and Illness Was the Relationship Between Emily Dickinson and Benjamin Franklin Newton Productive for Emilys Writing? The Journey of Emily Dickinson Writing Her Manuscript and 800 Poems from 1858 to 1865 The Springfield Republican Publication of Emily Dickinsons Work Effects Of Emily Dickinsons Sexuality on Her Poems Emily Dickinsons Descent into Depression Emily Dickinson and the Undiscovered Continent Lack of Poems in the Year 1866 and the Reasons Behind it Emily Dickinson paved the road for several poets, especially female ones. Although she wasn’t appreciated as an author during her life, doubted by several of her peers, she gained all her fame after death, when her sister found hundreds of letters and poems. Throughout her life Emily opted to be secluded instead of being hungry for publication and fame. Our previous guide 10 facts on poems by Emily Dickinson for a college essay gives you plenty of concrete information on the Poems by Emily Dickinson. Now we have given you 20 interesting topics from which you can choose one to write a highly informative and impressive college essay. Our aim is to help you focus on one aspect of the Emily’s life, because there were several incidents including certain people and loses which influenced her writing style over the years. But we aren’t just going to help you with the basics and leave you high and dry; the next guide how to write an essay on a poem by Emily Dickinson will have pointers to help you get started. Here is a sample essay on one of the topics mentioned above. By reading the essay below you’ll know how to research your college essay on poems by Emily Dickinson. We wish you all the best and if you have any queries, do drop us an email. Sample Essay: The Interaction Between Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Emily Dickinson Thomas Wentworth Higginson, an ex-minister, a critic of literature and a radical abolitionist, wrote a column for The Atlantic Monthly titled â€Å"Letter to a Young Contributor†. In this column, Mr. Higginson spoke in reference to upcoming writers looking to make a name for themselves and urged them to Charge Your Style with Life. He offered them professional advice so that they could catch their big break. This caught the eye of Emily Dickinson. Ms. Dickinson decided to establish contact with Higginson in 1862 as she was contemplating publication. She understood that it was becoming increasingly difficult just writing poetry without readership, and more generally speaking, an audience. Dickinson reached out to Higginson in order to seek guidance she sent him a beautiful letter which goes by the name â€Å"My Verse Is Alive†. The letter is considered to be a theatrical display of Dickinson’s talents. Although she didn’t sign it, she did write her name on the letter and sent it to Higginson with a gift of four poems. Mr. Higginson was unaware about the publication history of Dickinson, which is   why after appreciating her talents and telling her how impressed he was with it, he told her to write a little more before seeking publication. Ms. Dickinson replied in the humblest of fashion; instead of showing anger and resentment for not appreciating her talent, she told him that the fame of being published was an absolute foreign element to her. Though she did mention that if she was destined to be famous, then she wouldn’t try running away from it. In her letters, she displayed her literary prowess through dramatization and mystery. She told him about her preference of solitude, expressing how she found solace in the company of hills, the sunrise and her pet dog Carlo. She explained to him that her mother didn’t approve of her aspirations and her father was a little supportive because he brought her books, even though he feared that too much reading might plunge her into depression. Emily Dickinson and Thomas Wentworth Higginson became good friends. Dickinson referred to Higginson as â€Å"Dear Friend† in her letters while signing them off with â€Å"Your Scholar†. The interactions between the two were a morale boost for Dickinson, which certainly reflected in her work as well. She went as far as claiming that Higginson saved her life back in 1862. Both of them remained excellent friends till Emily’s untimely death, though Emily never asked for a publication favor.   Despite this being unnerving for Higginson, he never pushed her to go ahead with a project. Several critics, including the famous Edmund Wilson, claimed that if Emily had any interest in being published, she would have done so in a heartbeat. It was only after Emily Dickinson’s death that her work emerged and she became a symbolic icon in America’s literary history. That’s how the interaction between Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Emily Dickinson affected her work. Reference: Juhasz, S. (1983). Feminist critics read Emily Dickinson. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Gordon, L. (2010). Lives like loaded guns: Emily Dickinson and her familys feuds. New York: Viking. Mitchell, D., Stuart, M. (2009). The international reception of Emily Dickinson. London: Continuum. Martin, W. (2002). The Cambridge companion to Emily Dickinson. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Dickinson, E., Franklin, R. W. (1998). The Master letters of Emily Dickinson. Amherst, MA: Amherst College Press. Farr, J. (1996). Emily Dickinson: A collection of critical essays. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Farr, J., Carter, L. (2004). The gardens of Emily Dickinson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

More Answers to Questions About Commas #2

More Answers to Questions About Commas #2 More Answers to Questions About Commas #2 More Answers to Questions About Commas #2 By Mark Nichol Here are three recent questions from readers about the use of commas, along with my responses. 1. Can you tell me why there should be a comma in this sentence: â€Å"Such programs will also reduce operations costs and indemnity payments, and improve communications between employer and employee.† It seems like there shouldn’t be, because these aren’t two independent clauses. It’s common for writers to insert a comma before a conjunction in a sentence when the conjunction does not begin a new clause but the phrases before and after it include their own conjunctions. This effort to make the sentence’s organization more obvious is not wrong, but it’s unnecessary. The sentence structure becomes clearer if the first verb, the one that’s overworked in its efforts to support the entire sentence, is relieved by being repeated in a parallel position after the major conjunction: â€Å"Such programs will also reduce operations costs and indemnity payments and will improve communications between employer and employee.† 2. I saw this sentence in one of your posts lately: â€Å"It enables individuals and groups to meet online to collaborate, and to share presentations, applications, or their entire desktop, while increasing reliability and security and reducing costs.† Why is there a comma after collaborate? The first comma in this sentence does not have the same function as the extraneous one in the previous example. It is the first in a pair of commas that mark a parenthetical. The phrase â€Å"and to share presentations, applications, or their entire desktop† may be omitted from the sentence, and the remaining statement will still be grammatically sound. 3. In â€Å"Our vision statement is a succinct way of explaining our purpose to others, be it our own staff, our residents or community clients or the wider public,† the two ors make it clunky to me. The or between â€Å"our residents† and â€Å"community clients† signals that the sentence is about to end, and then theres another or! Should I have a comma in there somewhere? If your style calls for serial commas (â€Å"a, b, and c†), insert a comma after clients: â€Å"Our vision statement is a succinct way of explaining our purpose to others, be it our own staff, our residents or community clients, or the wider public.† If not (â€Å"a, b and c†), leave it as is. However, if that solution seems clumsy to you (I don’t find the final or confusing), separate â€Å"our residents or community clients† into two items: â€Å"Our vision statement is a succinct way of explaining our purpose to others, be it our own staff, our residents, our community clients or the wider public.† (Insert a comma after clients, or don’t, depending on whether you insert or omit serial commas.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing LightHang, Hung, HangedOne Scissor?

What is Needed to become an excellent Entrepreneur Essay

What is Needed to become an excellent Entrepreneur - Essay Example 5- Be Confident: Confidence is a key to success. Confidence holds a vital importance in becoming a successful person, entrepreneur and a good salesperson. Confidence gives a person the art of speaking confidently without any fear. Therefore, it is important to understand that a salesperson should be confident enough to persuade his customers. 6- Make Observations: It is important for a salesperson or a marketer to develop thorough observations regarding the personal choice or the interests of the buyers. Observations add to a person’s experience and understanding of even the minute details. 7- Know the Market: One should know about his market and products. Without the knowledge of market and products, a salesperson cannot convey proper information to the customers or the buyers. Four valuable elements: 1- The Spin Selling Skills: The spin selling skills revolve around the classic selling techniques that can help a salesperson to boost his business. The spin selling skills incl uding analysis of the situation collecting observations and developing the understanding of the problems .Spin selling skill also include asking the questions related to the situation of the problem ,how to implement the hurt and rescue approach that may drive the buyer towards your business and the products. It is also important for a skilled salesperson to understand demands and needs of his buyer which makes them realize that ‘buyer is important his salesperson’. 2- Farmers and Hunters Theory: In this theory it has been described that a salesperson should know and act according to his role either he is acting as a hunter who is trying to generate leads for the business or he is performing the role of a farmer which generates his business opportunities from existing...Seven things that I have learnt in class: My learning during my course of studies will help me to become an excellent entrepreneur, a good marketer or an experienced salesperson in the future. I cannot u ndermine the value of the most important things that I have learnt during the class and from the course books that I have read. This would not only develop a better understanding of how and what I should do but it will also help me to develop and implement better business strategies in future. These are: 1.Situation and Problem Analysis 2.Develop Reasoning and Question 3.Add value and experience to your product 4.Be Persuasive 5.Be Confident 6.Make Observations 7.Know the Market Three Important Items to Use as Basic Skills: 1.To know the needs of a buyer 2.To Develop Reasoning and Questioning with the Client 3.To be confident It is important for a salesperson to develop all the necessary skills that may help him to be good and effective salesman in order to expand his business and to develop a strong relation with his clients. These skills and my learning during studies will help me to develop a better understanding of how to analyze the situation, how to overcome problems, how to develop reasoning with logic and conscience and how to implement the better strategies to gain better results. These few things are essential for every salesperson and a marketer to know in order to expand his business and to gain success over his competitors without any hassles or fear.

PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY NURSING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY NURSING - Essay Example Of concern specially is smoking among adolescents which can contribute to several health problems and birth defects in babies born to pregnant women who smoke. Thus, the community selected for critical analysis of health needs in this essay is adolescent smokers. The extent of problem and the impact and effectiveness of public health in the primary care setting with reference to this community will be discussed through review of suitable literature. The Community According to the 2009 statistics, 29 percent of pupils have tried smoking atleast once and the prevalence of smoking in young people was 6 percent. Though this proportion is the lowest since the time the survey began in 1982, it continues to be a significant problem for both health authorities and public. The prevalence of smoking between 11-15 years old has been estimated to be 6 percent. The prevalence is more among girls (7 percent) when compared to boys (5 percent). Another important finding of the survey is that the pre valence of smoking increases with age. At 11 years of age, the prevalence is 0.5 percent and at 15 years of age it is 15 percent. Ethnicity has an influence on the prevalence. It is more common in White pupils when compared to Black of Mixed ethnicity pupils. It is also more prevalent in pupils coming from lower socioeconomic strata (Smith et al, 2009). According to the Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use survey of 2006 (NHS, 2007), nine percent of pupils in England are regular smokers and a further 5 percent are occasional smokers. The survey defined regular smokers as those smoking atleast one cigarette per week and occasional smokers as those smoking less than one cigarette a week. Pupils who smoked regularly smoked an average of 6 cigarettes a day, approximately 43.5 cigarettes a week. 74 percent of the regular smokers smoked cigarettes from a packet and 6 percent smoked from rolled tobaccos. Girls were more likely to smoke from a packet (NHS, 2007). Regular smoking in this age group has been associated with drug abuse, alcohol intake and truancy and school exclusion. The dependence of smoking by children is mainly related to the time they spend as regular smoker. Those who have smoked for more than a year as regular smokers have reported that they find it difficult to not smoke each day. However, more than 50 percent opined that they knew the ill effects of smoking and thus would like to give up. Most pupils knew that smoking caused lung cancer. But two-thirds of them reported that they felt relaxed because of smoking. Thus, the immediate benefits of smoking outweighed the future potential hazards of smoking. According to the survey, majority of pupils were aware of the fact that their families had negative attitude towards smoking. One third of the pupils who smoked did so secretly and occasional smokers were more likely to be secret smokers. Also, households of pupils who smoked were more lenient that those who did not smoke (NHS, 2007). Since most adult smo kers begin smoking at young age, it is every important to ascertain and understand the causes of smoking in young children so that predictors of smoking can be evaluated and targeted for prevention. Several risk factors have been studied in this regard. According to the Liverpool Longitudinal Smoking Study (Smith et al, 2009), deprivation at both school and home was strongly associated with smoking among adolescents. The trial of smoking is influenced by several school-related environmental factors